The PennZone

ALTMUNSTER, Austria - PennZone -- Kaltra has announced the development of a new refrigerant distribution technology that significantly improves the performance of microchannel evaporators — one of the most critical components in modern cooling and heat pump systems.

The Challenge: Uneven Refrigerant Flow

In microchannel evaporators, cooling efficiency depends on how evenly refrigerant is distributed across dozens of parallel microchannels. When the refrigerant enters the inlet header in a two-phase state (liquid and vapor), the heavier liquid naturally settles at the bottom while the lighter vapor rises to the top.

This separation causes uneven feeding of the microchannels: some channels receive mostly vapor, others too much liquid. The result is reduced heat transfer efficiency, unstable operation, and significant performance losses.

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In practical terms:

• Evaporators without any internal distributor can lose 25–35% of performance due to severe maldistribution.
• Systems equipped with conventional lateral-spraying distributors typically reduce losses, but still experience 10–15% performance degradation.

The Solution: Downward-Spraying Distributor (DSD)

To address this issue, Kaltra developed a new Downward-Spraying Distributor (DSD) architecture.

Instead of injecting refrigerant sideways inside the header — as in traditional designs — the DSD injects refrigerant vertically downward through precisely calibrated openings. This seemingly simple change produces a powerful effect:

• The downward spray works with gravity rather than against it.
• Liquid refrigerant is actively directed toward the lower region of the header.
• High-velocity jets create turbulence and fine mixing.
• Liquid and vapor phases are blended more evenly before entering the microchannels.

By mechanically disrupting natural phase separation, the DSD ensures that each microchannel receives a more consistent liquid–vapor mixture.

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Near-Ideal Performance Achieved

Testing confirmed that evaporators equipped with Kaltra's DSD technology demonstrate performance losses as low as 1–3%, approaching ideal distribution conditions.

The system also maintains high distribution uniformity:

• At coil inclination angles up to 30°
• At inlet vapor qualities below 0.4
• Under realistic operating and installation conditions

Compared to conventional designs, the DSD concept represents a major improvement in evaporator stability, efficiency, and surface utilization.

Raising the Standard for Microchannel Technology

By solving one of the fundamental challenges of two-phase refrigerant flow inside horizontal headers, Kaltra's new distributor technology sets a new benchmark for microchannel heat exchanger performance.

The development reinforces Kaltra's commitment to advancing thermal management solutions through practical engineering innovation and measurable performance gains.